| Preface | 6 |
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| Acknowledgement | 9 |
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| Contents | 11 |
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| 1 East Africa | 15 |
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| 1.1 Introductory Remarks | 15 |
| 1.2 Background Facts of East Africa | 18 |
| 1.3 Energy in East Africa | 24 |
| 1.4 Household Energy Application and Management | 34 |
| 1.5 Commercial Energy Management | 37 |
| 1.6 Energy Choice Factors | 45 |
| 1.7 Institutional Constraints | 52 |
| 1.8 Global Energy Situation | 54 |
| 1.9 Concluding Remarks | 57 |
| 2 East African Energy Resources | 59 |
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| 2.1 Introductory Remarks | 59 |
| 2.2 Natural Gas | 61 |
| 2.3 Coal | 62 |
| 2.4 Geothermal | 63 |
| 2.5 Petroleum-Based Fuels | 65 |
| 2.6 Hydropower | 66 |
| 2.7 Thermal Generators | 70 |
| 2.8 Co-Generation | 72 |
| 2.9 Solar and Wind Energies | 74 |
| 2.10 Biomass Energy | 76 |
| 2.11 Concluding Remarks | 78 |
| 3 Energy Potentials | 79 |
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| 3.1 Introductory Remarks | 79 |
| 3.2 Hydro Energy | 82 |
| 3.3 Co-Generation | 88 |
| 3.4 Portable Generators | 91 |
| 3.5 Natural Gas, Coal, and Geothermal | 92 |
| 3.6 Solar Energy | 93 |
| 3.7 Wind Energy | 95 |
| 3.8 Biomass | 97 |
| 3.9 Concluding Remarks | 100 |
| 4 Energy Planning and Provision Challenges | 101 |
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| 4.1 Introductory Remarks | 101 |
| 4.2 Reforms: The Immediate Challenge | 107 |
| 4.3 Concluding Remarks | 114 |
| 5 Alternative Energy Technology for East Africa | 115 |
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| 5.1 Introductory Remarks | 115 |
| 5.2 Solar Energy Technologies | 116 |
| 5.3 Solar Electricity | 128 |
| 5.4 Wind Energy | 146 |
| 5.5 Small Hydro Energy | 158 |
| 5.6 Biomass Technologies | 165 |
| 5.7 Biomass Energy in Uganda: An East African Model | 199 |
| 5.8 Concluding Remarks | 218 |
| 6 The Status of Renewable Energy in East Africa | 219 |
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| 6.1 Introductory Remarks | 219 |
| 6.2 Renewable Energy Research and Development | 226 |
| 6.3 Impact of Energy Use on The Environment | 230 |
| 6.4 Concluding Remarks | 238 |
| 7 Options and Challenges | 239 |
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| 7.1 Human Resource Development | 242 |
| 7.2 Biomass: The Challenges | 246 |
| 7.3 Solar Energy Applications: The Constraints | 253 |
| 7.4 Wind Energy Challenges | 259 |
| 7.5 Small Hydropower Systems | 261 |
| 7.6 Municipal Waste | 264 |
| 7.7 Policy Issues | 265 |
| 7.8 Concluding Remarks | 274 |
| 8 The Way Forward | 275 |
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| 8.1 Some Guidelines | 282 |
| 8.2 Concluding Remarks | 292 |
| Appendix | 293 |
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| Appendix: Energy Units and Conversion Factors | 293 |
| References | 295 |
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| Index | 299 |