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From Disaster Response to Risk Management Australia's National Drought Policy

:	Linda C. Botterill, Donald A. Wilhite
:	Linda C. Botterill, Donald A. Wilhite
:	From Disaster Response to Risk Management Australia's National Drought Policy
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9781402031243
:	1
:	CHF 133.30
:

:	Natur und Gesellschaft: Allgemeines, Nachschlagewerke
:	English

:	218
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

An academically focused collection of papers highlighting the successes and challenges of a move from disaster to risk management in responding to drought. The book passes on the experiences gained from Australia's trail-blazing new policy, introduced in 1992.

(a) Dr Linda Botterill is a Post Doctoral Fellow in the National Europe Centre at the Australian National University where she is undertaking research on agricultural policy in Australia and Europe. She also lectures in political science in the School of Social Sciences. Dr Botterill has extensive experience in public policy having worked in the Australian Government Department of Primary Industries and Energy, as an adviser to two Cabinet Ministers and as a policy officer in two industry associations before undertaking her doctorate in political science at the ANU.

(b) Dr. Donald A. Wilhite is the founder and director of the National Drought Mitigation Center and Professor, School of Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He has extensive experience in drought planning and policy, drought mitigation, and drought monitoring. Dr. Wilhite has worked with many federal agencies and state governments in the United States and with many foreign governments and international organizations on a broad range of drought management issues.

CHAPTER 12: LESSONS FOR AUSTRALIA AND BEYOND(p.177-178)

LINDA COURTENAY BOTTERILL

1. Introduction

Australia has had its National Drought Policy in place for more than a decade. It is therefore timely to consider the strengths and weaknesses of the policy approach that was adopted in 1992 and to draw some lessons for Australia and other countries considering an integrated policy response to drought. Many of the lessons outlined below apply particularly to industrialised countries in which the farm sector is diminishing in importance, in terms of its contribution to GDP, and in which drought does not result in widespread human disasters such as famine.

In summary, policy makers in Australia in 1992 attempted to align attitudes towards drought with the reality of a highly variable climate. The move from a disaster response to an approach based on self-reliance and risk management was based in a recognition that Australian farmers should expect droughts to occur and should factor drought risk into their business decisions. In economic and policy terms, the recommendations of the Drought Policy Review Task Force which reported in 1990 and the direction of the National Drought Policy announced in 1992 were coherent and logical and would allow the farm sector to operate efficiently and productively within the constraints of the Australian climate. However, drought responses are not only concerned with economic and policy coherence - they are developed in a specific socio-political context.

The following section discusses the context of Australia’s drought response and highlights some of the tensions which arise between different policy objectives and different values within the Australian community and the problems that have arisen in the implementation of the National Drought Policy. The final section identifies the lessons from which Australian policy makers and their counterparts elsewhere in the world can draw in considering future drought responses.

2. Tensions within the National Drought Policy

The collection of papers in this book attempts to illustrate the range of issues that need to be considered by policy makers if they are to develop an equitable, affordable and rational drought response. There are several perspectives at play. First, drought can be considered literally from the ground up. This is the way Australia’s indigenous people managed their available water. As Deborah Rose points out in her chapter, ‘people sought to enhance water’s capacity to nourish life without seeking radically to alter the water conditions of their country or, cumulatively, of the continent’. Rose describes a way of life in which people are ‘of the land’ rather than ‘on the land’. This is a view of Australian climate which does not conceptualise climate ‘events’ such as drought as inherently transgressive - the climate just is.

However, the arrival of Europeans on this continent brought with it the introduction of a form of agriculture developed for a more predictable climate cycle. This type of farming provides the second perspective - that of the hard-working farmer struggling against the elements. Land reforms in the mid-nineteenth century resulted in the development of small-scale family farming and a push to closer settlements which persisted well into the twentieth century. These developments were associated with an agrarian view of agriculture which carried with it moral and identity issues relating to the role of farming as intrinsically valuable and special in comparison with other economic activities. Interestingly this perception of farming as an essential activity persists in industrialised countries, even when farming activity is now only a small contributor to national wealth and food shortages are a remote and unpleasant memory.

	TABLE OF CONTENTS	6
	FOREWORD	8
	CONTRIBUTORS	9
	ABBREVIATIONS	12
	GLOSSARY	13
	INTRODUCTION	14
	CHAPTER 1: LIVING IN THE AUSTRALIAN ENVIRONMENT	18
	1. Introduction	18
	2. The Biophysical Environment	19
	3. The social and political environment	22
	4. Implications for drought policy	24
	CHAPTER 2: CLIMATE AND DROUGHT IN THE SUBTROPICS: THE AUSTRALIAN EXAMPLE	28
	1. Introduction	28
	2. Defining drought	29
	3. The climate of Australia	32
	4. Changing rainfall seasonality	36
	5. Causes of climate variability	36
	6. Aridity and drought in Australia	42
	7. A brief history of Australian drought	42
	8. Climate change and the future	47
	9. Summary and conclusions	49
	CHAPTER 3: INDIGENOUS WATER PHILOSOPHY IN AN UNCERTAIN LAND	50
	1. Introduction	50
	2. ‘TEK’	50
	3. Law	51
	4. Rainmaking	57
	5. Conclusions: philosophy in practice	61
	CHAPTER 4: LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY APPROACHES TO LIVING WITH UNCERTAINTY: THE NATIONAL DROUGHT POLICY	64
	1. Introduction	64
	2. Drought as a disaster	64
	3. The 1992 National Drought Policy	66
	4. The 1990s drought	69
	5. Between major droughts 1996-2001	70
	6. Th