| PREFACE | 6 |
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| CONTRIBUTORS | 7 |
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| CONTENTS | 10 |
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| N-PHENYLBORONIC ACID DERIVATIVES OF ARENECARBOXIMDES AS SACCHARIDE PROBES WITH VIRTUAL SPACER DESIGN | 20 |
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| 1.1. INTRODUCTION | 20 |
| 1.2. N-PHENYLBORONIC ACID ARENECARBOXIMIDES AS SACCHARIDE PROBES WITH VIRTUAL OR CO SPACER DESIGN | 21 |
| 1.3. SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS ON MONOBORONIC ACID DERIVATIVES OF N-PHENYLl, 8-NAPHTHALENEDICARBOXIMIDES | 22 |
| 1.4. POSITIONAL ISOMERS OF NAPHTHALENE DICARBOXIMIDES | 32 |
| 1.5. CONCLUSION | 35 |
| 1.6. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK | 36 |
| 1.7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 36 |
| 1.8. REFERENCES | 36 |
| GENESIS OF FLUOROPHORE FORMATION IN MACROCYCLE SOLUTIONS AND THE DETECTION OF GLUCOSE AND RELATED SUGARS | 40 |
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| 2.1. INTRODUCTION | 40 |
| 2.2. THE DISCOVERY OF NEW FUNCTIONAL FLUOROPHORES | 40 |
| 2.3. THE MECHANISM OF SUGARINDUCED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION | 47 |
| 2.4. A HIGHLY CONVENIENT NEW AUTOMATED HPLC POSTCOLUMN DETECTION METHOD FOR MONITORING GLUCOSE AND RELATED BIOMOLECULES | 53 |
| 2.5. DETECTION OF GLUCOSE IN HUMAN BLOOD PLASMA AND PROGRESS TOWARDS CONCURRENT DETERMINATION OF GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE | 57 |
| 2.6. CONCLUSION | 61 |
| 2.7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 61 |
| 2.8. REFERENCES | 61 |
| TWO-COMPONENT OPTICAL SUGAR SENSING USING BORONIC ACID-SUBSTITUTED VIOLOGENS WITH ANIONIC FLUORESCENT DYES | 65 |
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| 3.1. INTRODUCTION | 65 |
| 3.2. BACKGROUND AND ILLUSTRATION OF TWO-COMPONENT GLUCOSE SENSING - PYRANINE (HPTS) AND BORONIC ACID-FUNCTIONALIZED VIOLOGEN (o-BBV2+) | 68 |
| 3.3. VARIATIONS IN VIOLOGEN QUENCHER - BIPYRIDINIUM AND PHENANTHROLINIUM QUENCHERS | 74 |
| 3.4. VARIATIONS IN FLUORESCENT REPORTER - SULFONAMIDE DERIVATIVES OF HPTS | 89 |
| 3.5. IMMOBILIZATION OF THE SENSING COMPONENTS - A GLUCOSE SENSITIVE THIN FILM HYDROGEL | 98 |
| 3.6. SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 101 |
| 3.7. REFERENCES | 102 |
| IMPLANTABLE CONCANAVLIN A BASED SENSORS FOR INTERSTITIAL FLUID GLUCOSE SENSING IN DIABETICS | 106 |
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| 4.1. INTRODUCTION | 106 |
| 4.2. CONCANAVALIN A AND DEXTRAN | 109 |
| 4.3. FLUORESCENT BASED ASSAY | 113 |
| 4.4. SENSING MODALITIES | 117 |
| 4.5. SUMMARY | 128 |
| 4.6. REFERENCES | 128 |
| FLUORESCENCE BIOSENSORS FOR CONTINUOUSLY MONITORING THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL OF DIABETIC PATIENTS | 133 |
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| 5.1. INTRODUCTION | 133 |
| 5.2. GLUCOSE OXIDASE FROM ASPERGILLUS NIGER | 135 |
| 5.3. THERMOSTABLE GLUCOSE DEHYDROGENASE FROM THERMOPLASMA ACIDOPHILUM | 137 |
| 5.4. A FLUORESCENCE COMPETITIVE ASSAY BY USING THE STABLE GLUCOKINASE | 139 |
| 5.5. CONCLUSIONS | 142 |
| 5.6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 143 |
| 5.7. REFERENCES | 143 |
| MICROCAPSULES AS | 143 |
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| 147 | 143 |
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| 6.1. THE | 143 |
| 6.1. THE | 143 |
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| 147 | 143 |
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| 6.2. LBL NANOFILMS AND POLYELECTROLYTE MICROCAPSULES | 150 |
| 6.3. GLUCOSE SENSORS FROM NANOENGINEERED CAPSULES | 152 |
| 6.4. ENZYME-BASED MICROCAPSULE SENSORS | 158 |
| 6.5. GLUCOSEBINDING PROTEINS IN MICROCAPSULES | 172 |
| 6.6. CONCLUSIONS | 176 |
| 6.7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 177 |
| 6.8. REFERENCES | 177 |
| NON-INVASIVE MONITORING OF DIABETES: Specificity, compartmentalization, and calibration issues | 180 |
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| 7.1. INTRODUCTION | 180 |
| 7.2. SPECIFICITY OF NI GLUCOSE MEASUREMENTS | 182 |
| 7.3. COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF GLUCOSE VALUES | 187 |
| 7.4. CALIBRATION MODELS AND PATIENT-SPECIFIC CALIBRATION | 187 |
| 7.5. THERMO-OPTICAL RESPONSE OF HUMAN SKIN | 188 |
| 7.6. ENHANCING SPECIFICITY BY AFFINITY CAPTURE AGENTS | 205 |
| 7.7. CONCLUSIONS | 210 |
| 7.8. REFERENCES | 211 |
| OPTICAL ENZYME-BASED GLUCOSE BIOSENSORS | 215 |
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| 8.1. ABSTRACT | 215 |
| 8.2. INTRODUCTION | 215 |
| 8.3. OPTICAL TRANSDUCTION USING COMMON OPTICAL TRANSDUCERS | 217 |
| 8.4. IMMOBILIZATION OF GLUCOSE OXIDASE | 221 |
| 8.5. CONSTRUCTION OF GLUCOSE BIOSENSOR | 229 |
| 8.6. PERFORMANCE OF OPTICAL GLUCOSE BIOSENSOR | 233 |
| 8.7. IMPLICATION OF THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION | 237 |
| 8.8. ENHANCEMENT OF ENZYME STABILITY | 238 |
| 8.9. ANALYTICAL FEATURE AND APPLICATION | 240 |
| 8.10. CONCLUSION | 242 |
| 8.11. ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 243 |
| 8.12. REFERENCES | 243 |
| SACCHARIDE RECOGNITION BY BORONIC ACID FLUOROPHORE/CYCLODEXTRIN COMPLEXES IN WATER | 251 |
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| 9.1. ADVANCES IN SYNTHETIC RECEPTORS FOR SACCHARIDES | 251 |
| 9.2. SACCHARIDE RECOGNITION BY BORONIC ACID FLUOROPHORE ß-CYCLODEXTRIN COMPLEXES | 256 |
| 9.3. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF SUPRAMOLECULAR CYCLODEXTRIN COMPLEX SENSORS | 268 |
| 9.4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 270 |
| 9.5. REFERENCES | 271 |
| PLASMONIC GLUCOSE SENSING | 273 |
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| 10.1. INTRODUCTION | 273 |
| 10.2. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES | 274 |
| 10.3. PREPARATION OF LIGAND FUNCTIONALIZED GOLD NANOPARTICLES FOR GLUCOSE SENSING AND OTHER APPLICATIONS | 275 |
| 10.4. PLASMONIC GLUCOSE SENSING | 278 |
| 10.5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 294 |
| 10.6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 294 |
| 10.7. REFERENCES | 294 |
| OPTICALLY-BASED AFFINITY BIOSENSORS FOR GLUCOSE | 297 |
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| 11.1. INTRODUCTION | 297 |
| 11.2. DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICALLY BASED BIOSENSORS | 299 |
| 11.3. COMPETITIVE OPTICAL AFFINITY GLUCOSE BIOSENSORS | 303 |
| 11.4. DYNAMICS OF AFFINITY BIOSENSORS | 312 |
| 11.5. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN AFFINITY BASED GLUCOSE BIOSENSOR SYSTEMS | 313 |
| 11.6. INTEGRAL BIOSENSOR PROTEINS | 318 |
| 11.7. ENHANCEMENTS OF OPTICAL GLUCOSE BIONSENSORS BASED ON AFFINITY PRINCIPLES | 319 |
| 11.8. CONCLUSION | 321 |
| 11.9. REFERENCES | 321 |
| RECENT CHEMILUMINESCENCE APPLICATIOINS FOR GLUCOSE SENSING | 325 |
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| 12.1. INTRODUCTION | 325 |