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Safety of Nanoparticles From Manufacturing to Medical Applications

:	David J. Lockwood, Thomas J. Webster
:	Thomas J. Webster
:	Safety of Nanoparticles From Manufacturing to Medical Applications
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9780387786087
:	1
:	CHF 86.60
:

:	Sonstiges
:	English

:	239
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

In spite of the potential use of nanomaterials as tissue engineering devices, implants, biosensors, drug delivery devices, etc., there has yet to be a compilation of the risks associated with thein vivo use of nanomaterials. There are numerous and well-known risks because of the size of nanoparticles. For example, nanoparticles can cross cell membranes and enter the cytoplasm undetected.

The aim of this book is to provide one of the first (if not the first) detailed views of how cells and tissues in the body deal with nanoparticles. This is important not only for implantable devices, but also for the manufacturing of nanophase materials when particles can be inhaled or enter the body through the skin. Only by compiling research at the intersection of nanoparticles and biological processes can we determine if nanophase materials are safe to be manufactured, handled, and/or implanted for various medical applications.

	Contents	6
	Contributors	8
	Developing Practices for Safe Handling of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials in a Development-Stage Enterprise: A Practical Guide for Research and Development Organizations	12
	Contents	12
	1.1 Introduction	13
	1.2 ElectroNanosprayTM Generated Nanomaterials	13
	1.3 Evolving Safe Handling Practices	16
	1.4 General Approaches for Categorizing Risk	21
	1.5 Regulatory Aspects of Working with Nanoparticles	24
	1.6 Conclusions	28
	References	29
	Cytotoxicity of Photoactive Nanoparticles	30
	Contents	31
	2.1 Introduction	31
	2.2 Quantum Dots	32
	2.3 Noble Metal Nanoparticles	35
	2.4 Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles	38
	2.5 Summary	39
	References	41
	Breeching Epithelial Barriers Physiochemical Factors Impacting Nanomaterial Translocation and Toxicity	43
	Contents	43
	3.1 Introduction	44
	3.2 Nanomaterial Physiochemical Properties	45
	3.3 Skin	47
	3.4 Respiratory Tract	58
	3.5 Conclusions and Future Directions	63
	References	64
	Safety and Efficacy of Nano/Micro Materials	73
	Contents	73
	4.1 Introduction	74
	4.2 Drugs	75
	4.3 Polymeric Carriers	77
	4.4 Additives	81
	4.5 Structure	82
	4.6 Processes	84
	4.7 Workers Safety	86
	4.8 The Related Guidance	87
	References	89
	Biomedical Applications of Nanoparticles	99
	Contents	99
	5.1 Introduction	100
	5.2 Nanomaterials of Biomedical Interest	101
	5.3 Factors that Require Considerations for Using Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications	108
	5.4 Current and Potential Applications of Nanoparticles	114
	5.5 Summary	116
	References	116
	Unexpected Reactions by In Vivo Applications of PEGylated Liposomes	120
	Contents	120
	6.1 A Long-Circulating Liposome, PEGylated Liposome	121
	6.2 Passive Targeting of PEGylated Liposomes	122
	6.3 Clinical Applications of PEGylated Liposomes	122
	6.4 Accelerated Blood Clearance (ABC) of PEGylated Liposomes upon Repeated Injections	124
	6.5 Adverse Reactions to PEGylated Liposomes Observed in Clinical Use	131
	6.6 Conclusions	134
	References	134
	Hydrogel Nanocomposites: Biomedical Applications, Biocompatibility, and Toxicity Analysis	140
	Contents	140
	7.1 Introduction	141
	7.2 Hydrogels	141
	7.3 Hydrogel Nanocomposites	142
	7.4 Biocompatibility and Toxicity Analysis	156
	7.5 Concluding Remarks	162
	References	163
	Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials	167
	Contents	167
	8.1 Introduction	168
	8.2 Assays for the Assessment of Cytotoxicity	169
	8.3 Cytotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials	171
	8.4 Differential Biocompatibility of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanodiamonds	180
	8.5 Genotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials	185
	8.6 Concluding Remarks	191
	References	191
	Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles: Toxicology and Lymph Node Targeting for Cancer Metastasis Prevention	196
	Contents	196
	9.1 Introduction	197
	9.2 Lymphatic System	198
	9.3 Synthesis of Drug Conjugates	202
	9.4 Characterization of Nano- and Micro-conjugates	205
	9.5 In Vitro Tests	206
	9.6 In vivo Tests	211
	9.7 Conclusions	213
	References	214
	Nanoparticles for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy	216
	Contents	216
	10.1 Introduction	217
	10.2 Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles	218
	10.3 Gold Nanoparticles	222
	10.4 Quantum Dots	224
	10.5 Dendrimers	227
	10.6 Liposomes	229
	10.7 Polymeric Nanoparticles	233
	10.8 Albumin-bound Paclitaxel (Abraxane)	237
	10.9 Summary	237
	References	238
	Index	243