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Tropical Cyclones Climatology and Impacts in the South Pacific

:	James P. Terry
:	Tropical Cyclones Climatology and Impacts in the South Pacific
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9780387715438
:	1
:	CHF 87.50
:

:	Sonstiges
:	English

:	212
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

This original book describes the behavior of tropical cyclones in the South Pacific. It investigates the broad range of disturbance effects these violent storms have on the physical environments of the islands that lie in their path and the people who live on them. It is the first book to link these two themes - the characteristics of cyclones and their landscape impacts. Examples and illustrations are drawn widely from across the region, resulting in a highly readable volume.

James Terry is Head of the Department of Geography at the University of the South Pacific (USP), Fiji Islands. Previous positions include Associate Professor at the Research Centre for the Pacific Islands, Kagoshima University, Japan. In addition to his lecture and research experience, Dr. Terry has served as a geographer consultant for various governmental institutions.

	Preface and Acknowledgements	6
	Contents	8
	I Tropical Cyclones in the South Pacific	12
	Setting the Scene	13
	1.1 Introduction	13
	1.2 The Study Area	15
	1.3 Regional Climatic Influences	18
	1.3.1 The Southeast Trade Winds	18
	1.3.2 The South Pacific Convergence Zone	20
	1.3.3 The El Ni“o-Southern Oscillation	22
	2.1 Principles and Controls	25
	Tropical Cyclogenesis	25
	2.2 Storm Formation and Development 2.2.1 Early Stages	26
	2.2.2 Mature Stage	29
	2.3 Storm Decay 2.3.1 Major Influences	30
	2.3.2 Case Study Ò Decay by Vertical Shearing of Tropical Cyclone June in May 1997	33
	Tropical Cyclone Structure	36
	3.1 Shape and Size	36
	3.2 Cloud Patterns	37
	3.3 Eye of the Storm	39
	3.4 Naming Tropical Cyclones	40
	Tropical Cyclone Patterns and Behaviour	43
	4.1 Numbers, Timing and Seasonality	43
	4.2 Distribution of Origins and Activity	46
	4.3 Identifying Storm Tracks	48
	4.4 Environmental Steering	49
	4.5 Speed of Advance	51
	4.6 Track Directions	54
	4.7 Storm Longevity	56
	Meteorological Conditions	60
	5.1 Low Pressure	60
	5.2 Strong Winds 5.2.1 Wind Effects	62
	5.2.2 Wind Strength	64
	5.2.3 Wind Distribution	67
	5.2.4 Wind Direction	70
	5.2.5 Case Study Ò Intensity of Tropical Cyclone Ofa, February 1990	73
	5.3 Storm Surge and Sea Flooding 5.3.1 Wind and Pressure Components	74
	5.3.2 Cyclone and Coastline Influences	78
	5.3.3 Case Study Ò Storm Surge Produced by Tropical Cyclone Gavin in Fiji, March 1997	81
	5.4 Torrential Rainfall 5.4.1 Distribution and Controls	84
	5.4.2 Case Study Ò Rainfall Distribution Across Fiji During Tropical Cyclone Gavin in March 1997	87
	Future Tropical Cyclone Activity	89
	6.1 Methodologies	89
	6.2 Changes in Frequency	90
	6.3 Changes in Intensity	91
	6.4 Changes in Origins	93
	6.5 Changes in Precipitation	93
	6.6 Outlook	94
	II Impacts of Tropical Cyclones	97
	Introduction	97
	Coastal Geomorphology	100
	7.1 Coral Reefs 7.1.1 Reef Characteristics	100
	7.1.2 Reef Damage and Recovery	101
	7.2 Coastal Erosion 7.2.1 Erosional Features	105
	7.2.2 Case Study Ò Coastal Erosion on Niue Island During Tropical Cyclone Heta in January 2004	108
	7.3 Coastal Deposition 7.3.1 Reef- edge Megablocks	113
	7.3.2 Gravel Sheets and Ramparts	114
	7.3.3 Case Study Ò Rubble Ramparts Created on Upolu Island by Tropical Cyclone Ofa in February 1990	117
	7.4 Changes on Coral Islands 7.4.1 Coral Island Types	118
	7.4.2 Cay Migration and Redistribution	120
	7.4.3 Case Study Ò Geomorphic Change on Tatafa Cay in Tonga During Tropical Cyclone Isaac in March 1982	120
	7.4.4 Atoll Hoa	122
	7.4.5 Motu Growth and Longevity	123
	7.4.6 Case Study Ò New Land Created on Funafuti Atoll by Tropical Cyclone Bebe in October 1972	126
	8.1 Slope Susceptibility to Failure	129
	Slope Stability and Mass Movements	129
	8.2 Failure Trigger Mechanisms	130
	8.3 Landslide Geomorphology 8.3.1 Major Features	133
	8.3.2 Case Study Ò the ÎGood Friday LandslidesÌ Triggered on Viti Levu Island by Tropical Cyclone Wally in April 1980	138
	9.1 Introduction to Island Rivers	144
	River Hydrology and Floods	144
	9.2 Tropical Cyclone Floods	147
	9.2.1 Influences on River Responses	148
	9.2.2 Flood Analyses	152
	9.2.3 Case Study Ò River Responses in Fiji to a Succession of Tropical Cyclones During the 1997 El Ni“o Event	153
	9.2.4 Case Study Ò Exceptional River Flooding on Vanua Levu Island Caused by Tropical Cyclone Ami in January 2003	160
	9.2.5 Flood Hazard Mitigation	165
	10.1 Channel Adjustments	169
	Fluvial Geomorphology	169
	10.2 River Sediment Transport	173
	10.3 Valley Aggradation 10.3.1 Features and Rates	176
	10.3.2 Case Study Ò Catastrophic Valley Aggradation on Guadalcanal Island Caused by Tropical Cyclone Namu in May 1986	179
	References	186
	Appendix	197
	Index	214