| Contents | 5 |
---|
| Preface | 15 |
---|
| Contributors | 17 |
---|
| Billion-Year-Old Oxygen Cathode that Actually Works: Respiratory Oxygen Reduction and its Biomimetic Analogs | 19 |
---|
| 1. The Basic Concepts of Energy Metabolism | 19 |
| 2. Biological Catalysis of Respiratory Oxygen Reduction | 23 |
| 3. Biomimetic Catalysis of O2 Reduction | 30 |
| 4. Summary and Conclusions: Lessons of Biomimetic O2 Reduction for the Design of Fuel Cell Catalysts | 50 |
| Acknowledgments | 53 |
| References | 54 |
| Fundamental Aspects on the Catalytic Activity of Metallomacrocyclics for the Electrochemical Reduction of O2 | 59 |
---|
| 1. Introduction | 59 |
| 2. Reaction Pathways for the Reduction of Molecular Oxygen | 60 |
| 3. Interaction of O2 with Active Sites and the Redox Mechanism | 64 |
| 4. Two-Electron Reduction Catalysts for the Reduction of Molecular Oxygen | 75 |
| 5. Four-Electron Reduction Catalysts | 78 |
| 6. Conclusions | 91 |
| Ackowledgments | 93 |
| References | 93 |
| Oxygen Reduction in PEM Fuel Cell Conditions: Heat- Treated Non- Precious Metal- N4 Macrocycles and Beyond | 101 |
---|
| 1. Why Search for a Non-Pt Based Catalyst for the Reduction of O2 in PEM Fuel Cells? | 101 |
| 2. Activity of Electrocatalysts based on Fe - N4 and Co - N4 Macrocycles and Beyond | 106 |
| 3. Kinetic and Mechanistic Aspects of Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction | 139 |
| 4. Important Factors for the Use of Non-Noble Metal Electrocatalysts in PEM Fuel Cells for Automotive Applications | 148 |
| 5. Conclusions | 155 |
| Acknowledgments | 157 |
| References | 157 |
| Biomimetic NOx Reductions by Heme Models and Proteins | 166 |
---|
| 1. Introduction | 166 |
| 2. Native Enzymes for NOx Reductions | 168 |
| 3. Electrochemical Investigations of NOX Reduction | 176 |
| 4. Conclusions | 197 |
| Acknowledgments | 198 |
| References | 198 |
| Electroreduction of CO2 Catalyzed By Metallomacrocycles | 208 |
---|
| 1. Introduction | 208 |
| 2. Electroreduction of CO2 on Metallic Cathodes | 210 |
| 3. Biphenantroline and Bypiridine Hexaazacyclophane Systems | 212 |
| 4. Cyclam and Derivative Systems | 221 |
| 5. Phthalocyanines and Porphyrins Complexes | 237 |
| 6. Conclusions | 260 |
| Acknowledgments | 261 |
| References | 261 |
| Supramolecular Porphyrins as Electrocatalysts | 272 |
---|
| 1. Build-up of Supramolecular Porphyrins Based on Metal- Ligand Coordination | 272 |
| 2. Synthesis and Characterization of Tetrametallated Pyridyl Porphyrins | 282 |
| 3. Catalytic and Electrocatalytic Properties | 295 |
| 4. Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Porphyrin Films | 304 |
| 5. Final Remarks | 318 |
| References | 319 |
|